Climate Change Adaptation Actions Research Articles

Climate Justice and Climate Adaptation in California: Indigenous Community Climate Adaptation Leadership and Opportunities for Scientific Collaboration

Abstract Climate and weather-related disasters in California illustrate the need for immediate climate change action - both mitigation to reduce impacts and adaptation to protect our communities, relatives, and the ecosystems we depend upon. Indigenous frontline communities face even greater threats from climate impacts due to historical and political legacies of environmental injustice. Climate change adaptation actions have proven challenging to implement as communities struggle to access necessary climate data at appropriate scales, identify effective strategies that address community priorities, and obtain resources to act, at a whole-community level. In this paper, we present three examples of Indigenous communities in California that have used a climate justice approach to climate change adaptation. These communities are drawing upon community knowledge and expertise to address the challenges of adaptation planning, and taking actions that center community priorities. The three cases address emergency preparation and response, cultural burning and fire management, and community organizing and social cohesion. Across these spheres, they illustrate the ways in which a community-based and climate justice-focused approach to adaptation can be effective in addressing current threats, while also addressing the legacy of imposed, socially constructed vulnerability and environmental injustices. Because we recognize the need for multiple knowledges and skills in adaptation actions, we include recommendations that have emerged based on what’s been learned through these long-standing and engaged participatory research collaborations for climate scientists who wish to contribute to climate justice-focused adaptation efforts by using scientific data to support – not supplant – community efforts, target funding toward genuine community engagement and adaptation actions, and become aware of the historical and political legacies that created the climate vulnerabilities and injustices evident today.

Knowledge and Attitude of Village Communities towards Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Activities

The aim of this research is to determine the knowledge and attitudes of village communities towards climate change adaptation and mitigation activities to support the climate village program. The type of research is qualitative research, taking place in Laikang village, Takalar Regency. The study population was 6774 people. A sample of 200 people was determined using the side purposive method. The research instruments were questionnaires, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) sheets, and observation sheets. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive analysis. The research results show that (1) the level of respondents’ knowledge regarding adaptation and mitigation activities is in the medium category; (2) respondents' attitudes towards adaptation and mitigation activities are in the medium category.

A data-driven probabilistic network approach to assess model similarity in CMIP ensembles

Abstract The different phases of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) provide ensembles of past, present, and future climate simulations crucial for climate change impact and adaptation activities. These ensembles are produced using multiple Global Climate Models (GCMs) from different modeling centres with some shared building blocks and inter-dependencies. Applications typically follow the ‘model democracy’ approach which might have significant implications in the resulting products (e.g. large bias and low spread). Thus, quantifying model similarity within ensembles is crucial for interpreting model agreement and multi-model uncertainty in climate change studies. The classical methods used for assessing GCM similarity can be classified into two groups. The a priori approach relies on expert knowledge about the components of these models, while the a posteriori approach seeks similarity in the GCMs’ output variables and is thus data-driven. In this study we apply Probabilistic Network Models (PNMs), a well established machine learning technique, as a new a posteriori method to measure inter-model similarities. The proposed methodology is applied to surface temperature fields of the historical experiments from the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble and different reanalysis gridded datasets. PNMs are capable to learn the complex spatial dependency structures present in climate data, including teleconnections operating on multiple spatial scales, characteristic of the underlying GCM. A distance metric building on the resulting PNMs is applied to characterize GCM model dependencies. The results of this approach are in line with those obtained with more traditional methods, but have further explanatory potential building on probabilistic model querying.

Implementation of the climate village program (Proklim) related to gender-based

The Climate Village Program (PROKLIM) experienced development and positive responses from 2011 to 2022 from various stakeholders. From the start, PROKLIM has prioritized sustainability aspects in climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts at the grassroots level. With an effectiveness level reaching 80%, the implementation of PROKLIM can be seen from the active participation of the community in every stage of decision-making, from planning and implementation to monitoring activities in climate village locations, strengthening the sense of ownership of ongoing programs and activities. Even though it is considered adequate at 80%, according to SRN-PPI data, PROKLIM coordinators in each region must remain vigilant and strive to change the community's mindset and knowledge regarding climate change adaptation and mitigation actions. The success of PROKLIM activities depends on forming a sustainable community mindset in preserving and transforming the environment. The SIDIK, SPECTRUM, and SRNPPI platforms are expected to facilitate PROKLIM implementation and stakeholders, ensuring that community-based climate change adaptation and mitigation actions can be recorded, accounted for, and validated effectively. Keywords: PROKLIM, Effectiveness, Community Participation, Mitigation and Adaptation Actions, Gender Equality. Keywords: Proklim, Effectiveness, Community Participation, Mitigation and Adaptation Actions, Gender Equality.

ICT promotes smallholder farmers’ perceived self-efficacy and adaptive action to climate change: Empirical research on China's economically developed rural areas

Understanding the impact of technological advancements, such as ICT, on the climate change adaptation actions of smallholder farmers is crucial for comprehending their adaptive strategies. This study utilizes data from a survey of 2230 smallholder farmer households in the developed rural region of the Yangtze River Delta in China to examine the factors influencing their perceived self-efficacy and actions to adapt to climate change. Using binary logit regression and OLS models, we identify the role that determinants of ICT use play in shaping smallholders' perceived self-efficacy and adaptive action. Our findings corroborate that perceived self-efficacy is a robust, positive predictor of adaptive action. The data indicate that the sole presence of adaptation leaders predominantly enhances perceived self-efficacy. In contrast, adaptive investments at the village level are primarily associated with an increase in adaptive actions. However, peer effects may diminish smallholder perceived self-efficacy and adaptive action. In addition, our study indicates that while ICT has not currently supplanted traditional social networks in influencing smallholder climate change adaptation perceived self-efficacy and adaptive action, we cannot dismiss the potential substitution effect. We also clarify why the peer effects of traditional networks have starkly contrasting impacts in developed and less-developed rural regions in China. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of incorporating objective influencing factors of smallholder adaptation actions and their effects on subjective perceived self-efficacy into future climate change adaptation plans and policies to foster adaptation actions.

Socio-environmental impacts caused by tropical cyclones Idai and Eloise in Sussundenga District, Mozambique

Mozambique is greatly endowed with a diverse potential of natural resources, most of which are still unexploited or in an exploration phase. However, the country faces major challenges to make better use of the resources to feed the population and reduce poverty. The country is prone to recurrent natural disasters, such as: flooding and cyclones (north) and droughts (south). Between 2019 to 2021, Sussundenga District was punctuated by two severe tropical cyclones – Idai and Eloise – leaving immeasurable destruction of unprecedented magnitude in its wake. Worth mention that cyclone Eloise hit the country when it was coping with the harmful effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. To date, there has been little research that has been conducted on socio-environmental impacts of cyclones in this region. Furthermore, climate change is projected to increase the frequency and intensity of tropical storms. Thus, this study has been designed as initial step towards filling that knowledge and evidence gap. The objective of this research was to investigate socio-environmental impacts caused by tropical cyclones in Sussundenga District. Preliminary, a desk-based study was made, followed by main data collection phase through in-depth interviews and participant observations. The results mapped which areas were the most affected within the district. It was observed that awareness of climate change is low in rural areas and women were more vulnerable to the effects of cyclones Idai and Eloise. Also, it was found that the lack of investment in climate change adaptation actions still pose a great challenge for the country.

Climate change adaptation for biodiversity in protected areas: An overview of actions

Protected Areas (PAs) have been a cornerstone of conservation policy in the past but are generally static and thus might be less useful under climate change as species move away from reserves designated for them. In addition, shifting phenology and habitat alteration due to extreme events could make conditions unviable within PAs for species unable to move. However, several recent papers documented their utility in retaining contracting species, acting as stepping-stones for expanding species of conservation concern and resisting invasion by vagrants. Theoretical studies have suggested a role for both protected area design and management to enable biodiversity to adapt to climate change and implementation of these actions has begun. Here we synthesise case studies of climate change adaptation actions in protected areas from the globally available literature. We found 91 case studies of 114 different actions from 30 countries, mostly within Europe, specifically the UK. Half reported an outcome of actions, however, these were generally either the area restored or protected, or incidental reports of colonisation by desired species, without a description of monitoring before and after action. In addition, 72 % of actions would have been beneficial to biodiversity without the presence of climate change, so transformative action is lacking. Better monitoring and reporting of outcomes are urgently needed to develop the evidence base on which actions are most effective, to enable more reserve managers to take action. Managers also need encouragement to identify transformative actions, perhaps by the use of scenario planning to aid understanding of future uncertainties.

Measuring the Policy of Public Information Disclosure to Adapt Climate Change in Indonesia

Marginal groups, such as local communities living near forests, expansive coastal areas, and women with limited access to water and energy, are the most vulnerable to climate change. Numerous things can be done to overcome that issue, one of which is by openly distributing information regarding climate change adaptation action plans. This study proposes to elucidate that the NDC document serves as public information and to describe the interrelation between Public Information Disclosure and the optimal realization of Indonesia’s climate change action goals. This qualitative study was a doctrinal legal research and employed a statute and conceptual approaches. The findings demonstrate that the NDC document qualifies as public information, necessitating its continuous disclosure and accessibility. The transparency of public information regarding climate change is crucial for achieving climate justice and facilitating climate change adaptation.

Location Analysis of The Best Climate Village in Paser Regency Using Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Situation (TOPSIS)

Since the enactment of the National Registration System (SRN) of the Directorate General of Climate Change Control based on the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number 71 of 2017 where SRN is a forum to manage and provide web-based data and information in the form of actions and resources in the implementation of climate change adaptation and mitigation actions in Indonesia. Until 2023, there are 16 climate village locations in Paser Regency that have been reported to SRN with various levels of achievement according to the conditions of action that have been carried out by each climate village location. The purpose of this study is to analyze the best location of climate villages as reference locations in efforts to adapt and mitigate climate change in Paser Regency. The method used is TOPSIS, which calculates the highest value to the lowest of the closing results. From the results of the analysis, it was found that the best location of the climate village in Paser Regency that can be recommended as a reference location for ProKlim development is Muser Village, Muara Samu District, Paser Regency.

Linking Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation through Collaborative Governance: Experience from Urban Flooding in Jakarta

This paper examines the challenges of and facilitating strategies for linking disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) in addressing urban floods, drawing from Indonesia’s experience. The fragmentation between efforts to implement DRR and CCA leading to unnecessary duplication could increase confusion at both the community and wider governance levels and reduce the effectiveness of urban flood management. Through the lens of collaborative governance, this paper analyzes the barriers for integrating DRR and CCA and options to better align their practices in the context of a megapolitan city, Jakarta, Indonesia. The key findings of this study confirmed that institutional fragmentation, in concert with inconsistent facilitation and collaboration mechanisms, were the strongest barriers to aligning DRR and CCA action. The absence of accountable leadership was a key impediment for successful partnership-building processes to support political and technical collaboration. Leadership in these contexts plays an important role in (1) developing sustainable relationships, (2) convincing potential stakeholders to collaborate, (3) persuading partners to commit to sharing resources, and (4) agreeing/sharing a common vision of the partnership actions needed to mitigate harm and reduce urban vulnerability. These factors are critically important for reducing the direct and indirect impacts of flooding in Jakarta. Such lessons from Indonesia on linking DRR and CCA offer valuable insights to inform the development of policies and strategies to deal with urban floods for global cities faced with similar challenges.

Review of climate change adaptation and mitigation implementation in Canada's forest ecosystems part II: successes and barriers to effective implementation

With its northern location, the exposure and vulnerability of Canada's forest ecosystems to climate change impacts are all too glaring. While there is now an extensive body of literature describing expected climate change impacts and potential responses, studies characterizing the implementation of adaptation and mitigation practices in forest management remain rare in the Canadian forest sector. Using a systematic literature review, we examined reports on forest management practices implemented in response to climate change, specifically focusing on governance and institutional arrangements that either support or limit climate change adaptation and mitigation responses. Our literature sample size of 24 documents suggests that the body of literature reporting on adaptation and mitigation practices in forest management is scarce. Governments remain the dominant actors providing funding and leading the implementation and reporting of climate change adaptation practices, primarily in response to national or international climate change commitments. Forest practices such as enhanced silviculture, assisted migration, and nature-based solutions were the most frequently reported. However, given the scarcity of literature, it is difficult to conclude the scope of climate change adaptation practice uptake in Canada. Barriers such as lack of information/data, inter-jurisdictional knowledge transfer, policy conflicts, forest tenure models, technical capacity gaps, and economic barriers to adaptation need to be overcome to strengthen climate change response in forest management. Better coordination of reporting at the provincial and national levels and improved information flows between private sector organizations and governments are needed.

Relationship between adaptation and mitigation of climate change with the climate village program (ProKlim) In Paser Regency

This study aims to understand the relationship between the Climate Village Program (ProKlim) success rate and climate change adaptation and mitigation actions in Paser Regency. The results of the analysis showed that simultaneously climate change adaptation actions had a real effect on the success rate of ProKlim in Paser Regency by 81.45% with a significance level of 0.00054 (less than α = 0.05), while climate change mitigation actions have a real effect on the success rate of ProKlim in Paser Regency by 83.66% with a significance level of 0.0052 (less than α = 0.05). Meanwhile, the relationship of adaptation actions to the success rate of the ProKlim in Paser Regency is partially influenced by the efforts of control of climate change-related diseases with a significant level of 0.0305 (less than α=0.05). Meanwhile, climate change mitigation actions, it is partially influenced by low-emission agricultural cultivation efforts with a significant level of 0.0305 (less than α=0.05). Thus, the efforts to achieve the success of ProKlim cannot be done partially but must be carried out comprehensively because the impact of climate change has been felt in all aspects so it is necessary to apply all variables of climate change adaptation and mitigation sustainably.

Territorial vulnerability to natural hazards in Europe: a composite indicator analysis and relation to economic impacts

AbstractThis article presents an assessment of territorial vulnerability to natural hazards in Europe at the regional level (NUTS3). The novelty of the study lies in assessing vulnerability to natural hazards through a composite indicator analysis over a large extension (1395 territories in 32 different countries), and in analysing the relation between vulnerability and economic impacts of past disasters. For responding to the first goal, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed over 25 indicators, previously grouped into susceptibility and coping capacity, and subsequently combined to obtain the final vulnerability. The main result is the spatial distribution of vulnerability to natural hazards across Europe through a normalised and comparative approach, which indicates that 288 out of 1395 regions presented a high or a very high level of vulnerability. They are concentrated in Eastern and Southern Europe, and in the Baltic Region, and the sum of their population lives in territories with high or very high vulnerability level, representing 20% of the total sample, i.e. 116 out of 528 million inhabitants. Regarding the methodology for analysing the relation between vulnerability and economic impacts, a spatial regression model has been used to combine hazard, exposure and vulnerability. The outcomes indicate a high level of agreement between vulnerability and the distribution of past economic impacts, which confirm that the indicator-based approach is a good proxy for assessing vulnerability to natural hazards. Knowing the distribution of vulnerability is of high relevance for targeting disaster risk management and climate change adaptation actions to the highest priority regions.

Planning climate change adaptation in small and medium-sized towns – Results of preliminary research in southern Wielkopolska region

Urban adaptation to climate change is necessary. However, this process occurs mainly in big cities. In less populated areas, climate change adaptation actions are conducted and investigated less frequently.The goal of the study was to examine whether and what type of climate adaptation actions are planned in small and medium-size towns and whether town size is related to the advancement of adaptation planning. The research was carried out in 5 differently sized towns in southern Wielkopolska Region: Żerków, Koźmin Wielkopolski, Pleszew, Jarocin, and Ostrów Wielkopolski. The analysed materials were the minutes of town council sessions in 2017–2021 and the resolutions adopted by town councils. The resolutions were analysed in terms of reference to pro-climate actions. It was found that climate-related topics were addressed by 4-6% of the resolutions adopted by town councils. In most cases, the planned actions were related to the following sectors: transport, power engineering, and water management. The study found a link between town size and the number of documents addressing pro-climate actions.

Perceptions, trends and adaptation to climate change in Yala wetland, Kenya

Purpose Tropical wetland ecosystems are threatened by climate change but also play a key role in its mitigation and adaptation through management of land use and other drivers. Local-level assessments are needed to support evidence-based wetland management in the face of climate change. This study aims to examine the local communities’ knowledge and perception of climate change in Yala wetland, Kenya, and compare them with observed data on climate trends. Such comparisons are useful to inform context-specific climate change adaptation actions. Design/methodology/approach The study used a mixed methods approach that combined analysis of climate data with perceptions from the local community. Gridded data on temperature and rainfall for the period from 1981 to 2018 were compared with data on climate change perceptions from semi-structured questionnaires with 286 key informants and community members. Findings Majority of the respondents had observed changes in climate parameters – severe drought (88.5%), increased frequency of floods (86.0%) and irregular onset and termination of rains (90.9%) in the past 20 years. The perceptions corresponded with climate trends that showed a significant increasing trend in the short rains and the average maximum temperature, high incidence of very wet years and variability in onset and termination of rainfall between 1981 and 2018. Gender, age and education had little influence on knowledge and awareness of climate change, except for frequency of floods and self-reported understanding of climate change. The community perceived the wetland to be important for climate change adaptation, particularly the provision of resources such as grazing grounds during drought. Research limitations/implications The study faced challenges of low sample size, use of gridded climate data and reproducibility in other contexts. The results of this study apply to local communities in a tropical wetland in Western Kenya, which has a bi-modal pattern of rainfall. The sample of the study was regional and may therefore not be representative of the whole of Kenya, which has diverse socioeconomic and ecological contexts. Potential problems have been identified with the use of gridded data (for example, regional biases in models), although their usefulness in data scarce contexts is well established. Moreover, the sample size has been found to be a less important factor in research of highly complex socio-ecological systems where there is an attempt to bridge natural and social sciences. Practical implications This study addresses the paucity of studies on climate change trends in papyrus wetlands of sub-Saharan Africa and the role of local knowledge and perceptions in influencing the management of such wetlands. Perceptions largely influence local stakeholders’ decisions, and a study that compares perceptions vs “reality” provides evidence for engagement with the stakeholders in managing these highly vulnerable ecosystems. The study showed that the local community’s perceptions corresponded with the climate record and that adaptation measures are already ongoing in the area. Originality/value This study presents a case for the understanding of community perceptions and knowledge of climate change in a tropical wetland under threat from climate change and land use change, to inform management under a changing climate.

A Brave New World: Managing for Biodiversity Conservation under Ecosystem Transformation

Traditional conservation practices have primarily relied on maintaining biodiversity by preserving species and habitats in place. Many regions are experiencing unprecedented environmental conditions, shifts in species distribution and habitats, and high turnover in species composition, resulting in ecological transformation. Natural resource managers have lacked tools for identifying and selecting strategies to manage ecosystem transformation. A recently formalized decision support framework provides a way for managers to resist, accept, or direct (RAD) the trajectory of change. We begin by identifying how historical conservation practices are built into the RAD framework. Next, we describe how RAD can be used to implement climate change adaptation actions, using examples from the Mojave Desert to provide ecological context. Third, we discuss how the RAD framework can assist with the creation of conservation portfolios, facilitating the maintenance of overall biodiversity across a landscape. Preserving species assemblages in their current state, or restoring them to historical conditions, will not always be possible, and RAD allows for explicit deliberation about when and where to prioritize scarce resources. We conclude with a set of guidelines for conservation practitioners or managers moving forward. Although operating under an increasingly uncertain future is daunting, managers can utilize RAD to conserve biodiversity and effectively handle ecosystem transformation.

Climate change adaptation activities planning and implementation in large cities: results of research carried out in Poland and selected European cities

Continuous climate change forces cities to take actions to prevent risks and adapt urban spaces to new conditions. The experience of many European cities in recent years shows that actions adapting urban space to climate change have become an important part of local policy. The subject of the article is the adaptation activities planned and implemented for climate change in urban spaces. The purpose of this article is to classify and identify adaptation activities carried out in large cities. The authors analyzed data from 44 Polish cities and placed them in the context of leading adaptation activities carried out in selected European cities. The purpose of the detailed research is to compare the number and type of activities planned and implemented on the scale of individual Polish cities, indicating dominant and minority activities. The authors conclude that with the passage of time, climate change adaptation activities will have an increasing impact on shaping the landscape of European cities, including those of Poland. Their number will gradually increase, as will the awareness of the city authorities and the activity of local communities. The types of activity will also change and, with them the quality of urban spaces and the quality of life of residents. The authors also conclude that further research will need to conduct quantitative and qualitative studies in the context of the effectiveness of the adaptation process in urban spaces, resulting from the evaluation and monitoring of both systematically updated planning and strategic documents and implemented spatial programs and interventions.

The Probabilistic Risk Assessment Imperative in Philippine Climate Change Adaptation-Disaster Risk Reduction (CCA-DRR) Efforts

The Philippines is ranked first in the World Risk Index 2022 according to the Germany-based Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft and the Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV). The country will likely remain at the top rank of the global risk index over the next few decades, mainly due to the Philippines being in the Pacific Typhoon Belt, where the adverse impacts of climate change are predicted to get worse. To solve this predicament, intensive preparations through development planning are needed, and Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) is required to capture and anticipate future hazards bigger than the historical record. The probabilistic approach is recognized in the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 and 2023-2028, the 2019 National Climate Risk Management Framework Policy of the Climate Change Commission (CCC), and the United Nations Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) document entitled, “Why Invest in Probabilistic Risk Assessment?” as necessary for effective climate change adaptation actions. However, the Philippines has yet to realize the nationwide-scale implementation of PRAs in our CCA-DRR efforts, despite it being a strategy recommended by the national government to effectively address worsening natural hazard impacts that severely hamper national development. This paper highlights the importance of PRA in the context of Philippine Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction (CCA-DRR) efforts to lower the cost of damage from floods, rainfall-triggered landslides, and storm surges and help communities attain their sustainable development goals. We recommend that these policies be systematically implemented without any more delay.

The integration of smart city planning policy with climate change adaptation and mitigation actions: a review of kathmandu

Many urban systems worldwide are projected to be affected by the consequences of climate change, such as increased rainfall intensity, storm surge, flooding, and the urban heat island effect. This will significantly impact the management of cities and their populations, and the services they provide. To overcome this effect, adaptation will likely be required. This article examines how climate change moderation and variation are combined with intelligent urban planning policies (strategies, legislation, and laws) in the Kathmandu district. The three governance sciences look at the two levels of governance (national and local) (intelligent urban planning, pollution management, and climate change). The assessment process is one of the few instruments to review the adequacy of climate change and strategic policies. The findings show that intelligent city planning documents should present climate change adaptation and mitigation actions. In addition, adaptation and mitigation measures still need to be well integrated. Significant prospects for greater policy coordination through guidelines and levels of government under the Paris Agreement priorities have been identified, ensuring implementation in land use and planning decisions. Innovative city development policies must be better able to design and implement climate resilience and mitigation measures.

Ways to improve climate change adaptation plan of the transport

Aim: Development of recommendations for improving the climate change adaptation plan in the field of transport.
 Methods: The research method was the analysis of climate risk factors and their dynamics, as well as the features of failures in communication and automation devices in a changing climate.
 Results: The proposed directions for improving the climate change adaptation plan in the field of transport are to take into account a priori probability when assessing climate risks for transport facilities, as well as considering the impact of exogenous geological processes on transport facilities. It is shown that the transport infrastructure that are significantly affected by the changing factors of climate risk are communication and automation systems. Inclusiveness in the development of climate change adaptation activities in the field of transport can be achieved, including accelerated training of personnel for the implementation of the climate change adaptation plan in the field of transport and the consideration of greenhouse gas absorption technologies as climate change adaptation measures.
 Conclusion: Taking into account proposals for improving the climate change adaptation plan in the field of transport will focus on climate-vulnerable systems, provide the necessary level of professional training for the implementation of the adaptation plan, include greenhouse gas absorption technologies in the industry and ensure participation in the development of measures to adaptation to climate change of all stakeholders.